Cl 9 Economics Poverty as a Challenge

2. Give one most suitable factor responsible for the reduction of poverty in each of the following cases:(a) Punjab (b)Kerala
 (c) West Bengal (d) Andhra Pradesh.
Ans. (a) high agricultural growth rates are responsible for reducing poverty in Punjab.
(b) Kerala has focus more on human resource development.
(c) land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty in West Bengal.
(d) public distribution of food grains is responsible for the improvement in poverty in Andhra Pradesh.

3. Mention any four causes of poverty in India.
                                     Or
Discuss the major reasons of poverty in India.
Ans. there are a number of causes responsible for the widespread poverty in India. Some of them are:
* Low level of economic development under the British rule in India.
* decline of Indian handicraft industry which led to unemployment, poverty and misery which were responsible for the low rate of income growth.
* some factors like our system, religious faiths and beliefs also kept certain section of people is society in poverty.
* High growth rate of population led to a very low per capita income in the country.
* huge income inequalities due to unequal distribution of land and other resources.

5. State the dimensions of poverty.
Ans. The various dimensions of poverty:
* It means hunger and shelter.
* it is a situation in which parents are not able to send their children to schools.
* It is a situation where sick people cannot afford treatment.
* It means lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities.
* It means lack of a regular job at a minimum decent level.

Cl 9 Economics Poverty as a Challenge

3. 'Removal of poverty has been one of the major objective of Indian development strategy'. In the light of this statement explain the two planks of Indian government on anti poverty strategy.
Ans.* Over a span of 30 years till early 1980s a very little growth in per capita income was observed and reduction in poverty was also not much.
*  Since the eighties India's economic growth has been the fastest in the world from 3.5 % per annum in 1970s to about 6%  during the 1980s and 1990s. The higher growth rate has helped significantly in reduction of poverty. This stands a testimony to the strong link between the economic growth and reduction in poverty.
* In the light of these, there is a dire need for the introduction of targeted anti poverty programme to affect poverty directly or indirectly. Some of the major programs in this direction are MGNREGA, PMRY, SGSY, AAY etc

Cl 9 Economics Poverty as a Challenge

1. "Poverty is a curse upon humanity".Explain.
Ans. Indeed poverty is a curse upon humanity because the poor cannot afford belly full meals a day.
* the poor do not have a proper roof on their head to protect themselves from cold, rain and heat.
* basic essentials like clothing, oil and soap etc are missing in the daily routine of the poor. They cannot afford a minimum subsistence level of living.
* members of the family suffering from serious ailments like TB cancer etc cannot be looked after in the absence of medication.
* in the absence of savings on account of very low income the poor fall an easy prey to indebtedness.

2. Define Vulnerability. How is it determined?
Ans. * vulnerability refers to a measure describing the greater probability of certain communities like people belonging to backward castes, handicapped persons, old women etc becoming or remaining poor in the coming years.
* it is determined by the options available to different sections of the society to have an access to an alternative living in the terms of assets, education, health and job opportunities, when confronted with any kind of disaster or calamity.

3. 

Cl 9 Civics Electoral Politics

3. How is the voters list prepared?
Ans. * in our country all the citizens aged 18 and above are eligible to vote in the election.
* every citizen has the right to vote regardless of his caste, Creed, sex and religion.
* the government is responsible for entering the names of all the eligible voters on the voters list.
* name of those who have moved out of the constituency or are dead are removed from the voter list.
* A complete revision of the voter list is done every 5 years for updating it.

4. Describe the challenges to free and fair elections in India.
Ans. Challenges to the elections in India are:
* candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy an advantage over smaller parties and independent candidates.
* in some parts of the country candidates with criminal connection have been able to secure a ticket from major parties.
* some families tend to dominate the political parties. Tickets are distributed to members of these families.
* very often elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as both the major parties are similar to each other in their policies and practices.
* smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage as compared to the bigger parties.

Cl 9 Civics Electoral Politics

1. How does a party file a nomination for its candidates?
Ans. * In order to be a candidate a person must be 25 years of age.
* Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support.
* Party ticket is party's nomination.
* every person who contest in election has to fill the nomination form and give some money as security deposit.
* every candidate has to make a legal declaration giving some necessary information about themselves.

2. How are elections held in India?
Ans. * Lok Sabha and vidhan Sabha elections are held regularly after every 5 years.
* After 5 years the terms of all the elected representatives come to an end.
* An area based system of representation is followed in our country. The country is divided into different areas called electoral constituencies for purposes of elections.
* elections are held in all the constituencies on the same day at the same time or within a few days in the case of General elections.
* sometimes elections are held only for one constituency to fill up the vacancy caused by the death or resignation of a member. This is called a by-election.
The voters who live in an area elect one representative.

Cl 9 Civics Electoral Politics

3. What is an election commission?  Who appoints chief election commissioner and how can he be removed?
Ans. * election commission in India is an independent body that conducts elections in India. It enjoy the same kind of Independence that the judiciary enjoys.
* The chief election commissioner is appointed by the president of India. But once appointed he is not answerable to the president or the government.
* Even if the ruling party or  the government does not like the chief election commissioner it is virtually impossible to remove the CEC.

Cl 9 Civics Electoral Politics

3. What is meant by code of conduct? How does it control the activities of parties and candidates?
Ans. Code of conduct means a set of norms and guidelines to be followed by political parties and candidates during the election time. According to it no party or candidate can:
* Use any place of worship for election propaganda.
* Use government vehicles, aircraft and officials for elections.
* once elections are announced, Ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any project, take any big policy decisions or make any promises to provide public facilities.

Cl 9 Civics Electoral Politics

1. What choices are given to voters during elections?
Ans. * They can  choose who will make laws for them.
* They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions.
* They  can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law making.
2. explain any three conditions which make the election process more democratic.
Ans. In order to have election process more democratic here are few pre requisites like:
* One vote one value: to choose the representatives everyone must have one vote with equal value.
* Regular elections: there should be regular elections in every democratic country so that people have their choice at regular intervals.
* Free and Fair election: In order to ensure a fair chance to the people there should be free and fair election in every democratic country.
* Political competition: In order to have democratic election parties candidate should be free to contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters.

Cl 9 Geography Natural vegetation and Wildlife

1. Why are the forests important to man?What has been the result of man's interference with nature?
Ans.The importance of  forests are as follows:
* Forest increase the quality of environment.
* They modify the climate.
* The control the erosion of the soil.
* Regulate streamflow.
* they support many industries and thus provide a livelihood for the rural population.
* Forests provide humus to the soil and shelter to the wildlife.
The interference of man with nature has resulted in the extinction of many plants and animals.

Cl 9 Geography Natural vegetation and Wildlife

4. Give a brief account of the wildlife in India in five points.
Ans. (a) India is rich in  its wildlife. It has  about 90000 animal species about 2000 species of birds and about 2546 species of fish.
(b) Elephants are found in the hot wet forests of Assam, Karnataka and Kerala. One-horned rhinoceros live in swampy and marshy lands of Assam and North-west Bengal.
(c) Rann of Kutch and Thar desert are habitat of wild asses and camels lions are found in gir hills of Gujarat and tigers in the sundarbans of West Bengal.
(d) The Himalayas harbour a  wide wild variety of animals, example  yaks,  snow leopards, bear, Tibetan antelope, musk deer etc.
(d) In rivers, lakes and coastal areas turtles crocodiles and gharial are found.

Cl 9 Geography Natural vegetation and Wildlife

1. Give reasons why India's natural vegetation has undergone many changes?
Ans. India's natural vegetation has undergone many changes due to the:
(a) growing demand for cultivated land.
(b) development of industries and mining.
(c) urbanisation and overgrazing of pastures.

2. 'Bird life in India is colourful'. Explain.
Ans. (a) The country has about 2,000 species of birds. Some of the wetlands of India are popular with migratory birds.
(b) Peacocks, Pheasants, ducks, Parakeets, cranes and pigeons are some of the birds inhabiting the forests and the wetlands of the country.
(c) In places where the desert merges with the sea, like the Rann of Kuchchh flamingos with their pink plumage, come in large numbers.

3. Name any three medicinal plants of India and mention for what they are used.
Ans. (a) Jamun: The juice has digestive properties. The powder of the seed is used for curing diabetes.
(b) Arjun: The fresh juice of leaves is a cure for earache and regulate blood pressure.
(c) Tulsi plant: It is used to cure cough and cold.

Cl 9 History Forest Society and Colonialism

1. How did the forests around the railway tracks start disappearing?
Ans. The railway tracks expanded, trees were being cut for sleepers. The government gave out contracts to individuals to fulfill the supply and they cut the trees indiscriminately.

2. Why did the British feel the locals were destroying forests?
Ans. According to the Britishers, the use of forests by local people, the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests.

3. Who was Dietrich Brandis?
Ans. Dietrich Brandis was the German expert who was invited by Britishers to give advice on the matters of forest management. He was made the first Inspector general of Forests in India.

4. For what purpose did the people in the Forests use bamboo?
Ans. Bamboo was used to make fences and to make umbrellas and baskets.

5. What is swidden agriculture?
Ans. In Swidden agriculture, parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes. The crop is harvested by October- November. Such plots are cultivated for a few years and then left  for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back.

Cl 9 History Forest Society and Colonialism

9. What policy did the Dutch follow during war?
Ans. The Dutch followed 'a scorched Earth' policy. They destroyed sawmills, burnt huge piles of teak logs so that they would not fall into enemy's hands( Japanese)

10. Why were the villagers punished?
Ans. The villages were punished for grazing cattle, transporting wood without permit or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle.

Cl 9 History Forest Society and Colonialism

6. How did commercial farming lead to decline in forest cover during colonial period?

Ans. The factors which led to deforestation during the colonial rule are as follows:
(a) The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like wheat, sugar, jute and cotton. The demands for these crops increased in the 19th century Europe because food grains were needed to feed the growing Urban population and raw materials required for growing industries.
(b) in the 19th century the colonial government thought that forests were unproductive. The land had to be brought under cultivation which would increase food production and revenue.
(c) The oak forests were fast depleting. It became a problem to supply timber for the Royal Navy. Ships could not be built without a regular supply of timber. By 1820 search parties were sent to explore forest resources in India. Trees were being cut on a large scale and exported to England.
(d) Wood was needed as fuel to run locomotives and to lay sleepers which could hold the railway tracks. As early as 1850, 3500 trees were cut annually in Madras presidency for sleepers.
(e) Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations.

7. Why was Dietrich Brandis invited by the British government? What steps were taken by him to protect forests?

Ans. The Britishers feared that the reckless felling and cutting of trees by traders destroyed the forests. So they invited Dietrich Brandis for advice and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.
The steps taken by Brandis to protect the forest were:
(a) A proper system was adopted to manage forest and people to conserve forests.
(b) Rules about the use of forest resources were framed.
(c) Felling of trees and grazing of land was restricted so that forests could be used for timber production.
(d) Anyone who did not follow the system was punished. Brandis set up the Indian Forest service in 1864.

8. 'The new forest laws changed the lives of forest dwellers.' How?
Ans. The forest laws changed the lives of forest dwellers significantly. Before the forest laws many people who lived in or near the forests lived by hunting deer, partridges and a number of small animals. The customary right of the forest dwellers was prohibited by the forests law. They were punished for poaching, if caught hunting.
Hunting of big game became a sport under colonial rule. Hunting increased so much, that various species became extinct. British believed large animals were a sign of primitive society and by killing dangerous animals they would civilize India. People were rewarded for killing tigers, wolves  and other animals because they were a threat to the cultivators.

Cl 9 History Forest Society and Colonialism

5. Explain the provisions of the forest act passed by the Dutch.
Ans. The provision of forest act passed by the Dutch were as follows:
(a) The Dutch restricted the villagers' access to forests.
(b) Wood could only be cut for specified purposes like making river boats or constructing houses only from certain forest under close supervision.
(c) Villages were punished for grazing cattle in young strands, transporting wood without a permit or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle.

Cl 9 History Forest Society and Colonialism

3. What was the impact of regulation of trade in forest products by the British government in India?
Ans. Following was the import of regulations of trade in forest products by the British government in India.
(a) Trade in forest products was completely regulated by the British government. It gave many large European trading firms the sole right to trade in the forest products of particular areas in Indian forests.
(b)  The grazing and hunting by local people were restricted.
(c) Some of them began to be called 'criminal tribes' and were forced to work in factories and plantations under government supervision.

4. Describe the main causes of the revolt of Bastar.
Ans. The main causes of the revolt of Bastar were as follows:
(a) The colonial government wanted to reserve two third of the forests in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
(b) Some villages were allowed to stay in the reserve Forest on the condition that the work free for the forest department in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forest from fires.
(c) For long people had suffered under increased rents and demand for free labour and goods by forest officials. People also suffered because of famines in 1899-1900 and again in 1907-1908.

Cl 9 History Forest Society and Colonialism

1 What is deforestation? How did cultivation expand rapidly during the colonial period?
Ans The disappearance of forest is referred to as deforestation. Cultivation expanded rapidly during the colonial period in the following ways:
(a) The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like sugar, wheat, jute and cotton.
(b) Large areas of forests considered to be wilderness  was brought under cultivation.
(c) Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea,
 coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe's growing need for these commodities.

2. Why did the government Ban shifting cultivation? What was the result?
Ans. European foresters regarded the practice of shifting cultivation as harmful. They felt:
(a) the land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber.
(b) when the forests were burnt there was a danger of flames spreading and burning valuable timber.
(c) it became difficult for the government to calculate taxes.
 Many communities were forcibly displaced from the forest, some had to change their occupations.

3. 

1.Why did most of conservative regimes impose censorship laws to control printed material associated with the French revolution in 1815?